Publications
Department of Medicine faculty members published more than 3,000 peer-reviewed articles in 2022.
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INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of self-reported HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil.
METHODS
MSM 18 years of age or older were recruited to a multicenter study using respondent-driven sampling. We compared self-report of the HIV test with a rapid HIV test using the kappa coefficient.
RESULTS
A total of 3859 MSM were recruited, and 39% reported ever having an HIV test; their results were reported and they agreed to a new test. Agreement between self-report and the test was very good (kappa = 0.88).
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that self-report of HIV infection is a reliable indicator among MSM.
View on PubMed2011
BACKGROUND
: There are few studies on HIV subtypes and primary and secondary antiretroviral drug resistance (ADR) in community-recruited samples in Brazil. We analyzed HIV clade diversity and prevalence of mutations associated with ADR in men who have sex with men in all five regions of Brazil.
METHODS
: Using respondent-driven sampling, we recruited 3515 men who have sex with men in nine cities: 299 (9.5%) were HIV-positive; 143 subjects had adequate genotyping and epidemiologic data. Forty-four (30.8%) subjects were antiretroviral therapy-experienced (AE) and 99 (69.2%) antiretroviral therapy-naïve (AN). We sequenced the reverse transcriptase and protease regions of the virus and analyzed them for drug resistant mutations using World Health Organization guidelines.
RESULTS
: The most common subtypes were B (81.8%), C (7.7%), and recombinant forms (6.9%). The overall prevalence of primary ADR resistance was 21.4% (i.e. among the AN) and secondary ADR was 35.8% (i.e. among the AE). The prevalence of resistance to protease inhibitors was 3.9% (AN) and 4.4% (AE); to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 15.0% (AN) and 31.0% (AE) and to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 5.5% (AN) and 13.2% (AE). The most common resistance mutation for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 184V (17 cases) and for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 103N (16 cases).
CONCLUSIONS
: Our data suggest a high level of both primary and secondary ADR in men who have sex with men in Brazil. Additional studies are needed to identify the correlates and causes of antiretroviral therapy resistance to limit the development of resistance among those in care and the transmission of resistant strains in the wider epidemic.
View on PubMed2011
OBJECTIVES
Tobacco use is prevalent among people living with bipolar disorder. We examined tobacco use, attempts to quit, and tobacco-related attitudes and intentions among 685 individuals with bipolar disorder who smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
METHODS
Data were collected online through the website of the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, a mood disorder peer-support network.
RESULTS
The sample was 67% female, 67% aged 26 to 50, and 89% Caucasian; 87% were current smokers; 92% of current smokers smoked daily, averaging 19 cigarettes/day (SD=11). The sample began smoking at a mean age of 17 years (SD=6) and smoked a median of 7 years prior to bipolar disorder diagnosis. Among current smokers, 74% expressed a desire to quit; intent to quit smoking was unrelated to current mental health symptoms [χ(2) (3)=5.50, p=0.139]. Only 33% were advised to quit smoking by a mental health provider, 48% reported smoking to treat their mental illness, and 96% believed being mentally healthy was important for quitting. Ex-smokers (13% of sample) had not smoked for a median of 2.7 years; 48% quit 'cold turkey.' Most ex-smokers (64%) were in poor or fair mental health when they quit smoking. At the time of the survey, however, more ex-smokers described their mental health as in recovery than current smokers [57% versus 40%; χ(2) (3)=11.12, p=0.011].
CONCLUSIONS
Most smokers living with bipolar disorder are interested in quitting. The Internet may be a useful cessation tool for recruiting and potentially treating smokers with bipolar disorder who face special challenges when trying to quit and rarely receive cessation treatment from their mental health providers.
View on PubMed2011
BACKGROUND
Advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) over the last decade have improved clinical outcomes for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but whether these improvements are experienced by disadvantaged urban populations is less clear.
METHODS
We evaluated mortality among a clinical cohort in a public safety-net HIV specialty clinic in San Francisco, California.
RESULTS
Among 1651 ART-eligible patients attending an urban US HIV clinic, 4-year mortality was 10.0% in 2000-2004 and 11.0% in 2005-2009. Despite universal ART availability, only 72 (42%) of 172 patients who died, compared with 69% of survivors, ever achieved an HIV viral load, 400 copies per cubic millimeter. The leading causes of death were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (56%), violence/overdose (16%), and pulmonary disease (6%).
CONCLUSIONS
Disadvantaged subpopulations in the developed world can experience high mortality rates despite accessing specialty HIV clinical services with full ART availability. New strategies are needed to improve the outcomes in these populations.
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