Publications

Population-level genetic diversity in the obligate symbiosis between the bivalve Solemya velum and its thioautotrophic bacterial endosymbiont was examined. Distinct populations along the New England coast shared a single mitochondrial genotype but were fixed for unique symbiont genotypes, indicating high levels of symbiont genetic structuring and potential symbiont-host decoupling.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses multiple mechanisms to avoid elimination by the immune system. We have previously shown that M. tuberculosis can inhibit selected macrophage responses to IFN-gamma through TLR2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To specifically address the role of TLR2 signaling in mediating this inhibition, we stimulated macrophages with the specific TLR2/1 ligand Pam(3)CSK(4) and assayed responses to IFN-gamma. Pam(3)CSK(4) stimulation prior to IFN-gamma inhibited transcription of the unrelated IFN-gamma-inducible genes, CIITA and CXCL11. Surface expression of MHC class II and secretion of CXCL11 were greatly reduced as well, indicating that the reduction in transcripts had downstream effects. Inhibition of both genes required new protein synthesis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that TLR2 stimulation inhibited IFN-gamma-induced RNA polymerase II binding to the CIITA and CXCL11 promoters. Furthermore, TATA binding protein was unable to bind the TATA box of the CXCL11 promoter, suggesting that assembly of transcriptional machinery was disrupted. However, TLR2 stimulation affected chromatin modifications differently at each of the inhibited promoters. Histone H3 and H4 acetylation was reduced at the CIITA promoter but unaffected at the CXCL11 promoter. In addition, NF-kappaB signaling was required for inhibition of CXCL11 transcription, but not for inhibition of CIITA. Taken together, these results indicate that TLR2-dependent inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced gene expression is mediated by distinct, gene-specific mechanisms that disrupt binding of the transcriptional machinery to the promoters.

RATIONALE

Increased production of mucus is a prominent feature of asthma. IL-13-driven mucous cell metaplasia is associated with decreased expression of the transcription factor FOXA2 and increased expression of the related transcription factor FOXA3 in animal and cell culture models.

OBJECTIVES

Establish how changes in FOXA2 and FOXA3 expression contribute to mucous metaplasia and determine whether FOXA2 and FOXA3 expression is altered in asthma.

METHODS

Mice expressing a Foxa2 transgene in airway epithelial cells and mice deficient in Foxa3 were analyzed after allergen sensitization and challenge. Expression of FOXA2, FOXA3, MUC5AC, and the highly IL-13-inducible gene CLCA1 was analyzed in airway biopsies from subjects with asthma and control subjects.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Expression of a Foxa2 transgene reduced allergen-induced mucous metaplasia by 45% compared with control transgenic mice (P < 0.05) whereas inactivation of Foxa3 had no detectable effects on mucous metaplasia. Expression of FOXA2 was reduced in subjects with asthma and was negatively correlated with MUC5AC and CLCA1 levels in subjects with asthma. In contrast, FOXA3 expression was not significantly correlated with MUC5AC and was positively correlated with CLCA1.

CONCLUSIONS

Increasing Foxa2 expression reduced mucous metaplasia in an allergic mouse model. Subjects with asthma had decreased FOXA2 expression, suggesting that therapeutic approaches that increase FOXA2 expression or function could be beneficial for reducing mucus production in asthma. Unlike FOXA2, FOXA3 did not regulate mucous metaplasia.