Publications

Because of the better resolution of higher frequency transducers and the proximity of the coronary arteries to the esophageal window, TEE is emerging as a valuable method for evaluation of coronary artery disease. TEE allows imaging of the proximal coronary arteries, measurement of coronary flow reserve, identification of coronary artery anomalies, and observation of wall motion during transesophageal atrial pacing. The application of TEE in evaluation of coronary artery disease will continue to grow as technology improves.

The superior imaging capabilities of TEE have rapidly thrust this technique into the mainstream of noninvasive cardiology. However, the semi-invasive nature of this procedure requires specialized training on the part of the echocardiographer and adaptations of the traditional echocardiographic laboratory. These requirements will become even more evident as this technique is employed increasingly for interventional studies such as transesophageal atrial pacing and pharmacologic stress. TEE has proved efficacious and safe, even in critically ill patients, and its applications continue to expand. Following an article on anatomy, encompassing single and biplane orientation, the remainder of this monograph addresses the established as well as the emerging applications of TEE.